Taulimaina o manu feoti: Hydrolysis

O se tasi faʻafitauli e mafai ona solia le olaola o se faʻatoʻaga o le faiga lea mo le aoina o manu ua feoti. E i ai le lamatiaga tele o le salalau o faʻamaʻi i luga o le faʻatoʻaga ala tino oti aoina mai le tasi faʻatoʻaga i le isi. I se faʻaopopoga, ona o latou fou tino oti, o le aʻafiaga o le ono avea maʻi e feaveaʻi e maualuga.

O se isi auala sili ona aoga o le faʻamamaina o tino oti i le faʻatoaga. O le tino o le tino e maua ai le teuina o tino oti ma mea e maua mai ai le ola ai o oe lava. O le hydrolysis e tupu i le tino oti e tutusa ma le mea e tupu i isi mea toto e mafai ona afaina ai oe lava.

Faatasi ai ma nei faiga, faʻatagaina e le EU (Tulafono Faʻatonutonu 749/2011 o le 29 Iulai 2011), o se faʻapitoa pusa e manaʻomia e faia hydrolysis ma teuina le oti manu mo 6 masina.

Faatasi ai ma lenei faiga o le mea lea e ausia:

  • Faʻatapulaʻa le microbiological load i totonu ole hydrolyser i le faʻatoʻaga, faʻaititia ai le ono faʻaleagaina o lenei oloa i isi faʻatoʻaga.
  • Faʻaititia le aofaʻi o aoina i le tausaga. Alu mai le 100-150 taimi i le 4-6 taimi.
  • O felauaiga tuusao e faia mai le faatoaga i le fale gaosi faatagaina. E taunuʻu atu le loli i le faʻatoaga mama mai le fale gaosi ma toe foʻi mai e aunoa ma le ui atu i se isi faʻatoaga.
  • O le pusa vai lava e tasi o loʻo faʻafoʻi mai e leai se mea, mama ma faʻamamaina i le faʻatoʻaga na afua mai ai, ma faʻaititia ai le ono aʻafia o siama.

Filifili povi saʻo mo togafitiga mastitis - Laasaga 1

Traditions for treating mastitis in cows varies but statistics show that most of the antibiotics used in milk-producing herds are used in mastitis treatments.

Many mastitis treatments are without effect. By critically selecting cows for treatment, the efficacy of treatment improves, and antibiotic useage is lowered. Good udder health in the herd requires careful and efficient mastitis management. Classifying cases of mastitis according to severity makes it possible to select the correct cows for antibiotic treatment.

Grade all mastitis incidents by their severity and follow a simple decision tree for each case. The cases can be divided into three categories: mild, moderate and severe cases.

MILD CASES: Visible changes in milk. The udder is soft, the cow generally seems unaffected and has a normal appetite.

MODERATE CASES: Visible changes in milk. The udder is swollen but the cow generally seems unaffected. The appetite and milk yield might be slightly decreased.

SEVERE CASES: Visible changes in milk and a swollen gland. The cow is systemically affected and sick with fever, loss of appetite and severely reduced milk yield. The cow needs intensive care.

Confirm with the vet how to manage the different categories of mastitis, how to treat the individual case and how to follow up by using a simple decision tree.

Lagolago le tamaʻi povi ia maua ni faʻaiʻuga lelei o tui

Farms specialized in bull calf rearing from a very young age often experience high frequencies of respiratory diseases. Specially during the first month after arrival. Calves are often exposed to radical changes and challenges in this period.

Vaccination could be a useful tool to enhance immunity. In other cases, vaccination seems to weaken the calves and trigger outbreaks of disease, often when calves are stressed. Whenever vaccinating, try to create the best possible conditions for the calf and minimize factors negatively affecting their immunity:

  • Opt for short transport time (max. 1-2 hours) to limit dehydration, hypothermia and exhaustion
  • Avoid mixing calves from different farms on the same truck
  • Insert calves in a clean box
  • Keep calves in small groups – preferably in pairs – at least for the first 6 weeks
  • Avoid mixing calves of different origin in the same box
  • Segregate groups of calves by solid walls or panels
  • Make sure all calves have easy access to fresh water – preferably lukewarm water from a bucket or trough
  • Feed sufficient amounts (minimum 6-7 liters/ day) of good quality milk replacer
  • Start milk feeding on the day of arrival
  • Secure good air quality and avoid draught
  • Avoid moving, mixing, feeding changes and other negative factors 3-4 days before and after vaccination

Intra-nasal vaccines can be applied at the day of arrival. Let other vaccinations wait until the calves are in a positive energy balance (e.g. from 2 weeks after arrival).

Faʻamamaina ole colostrum faʻapitoa ile Faʻatoʻaga mai le faʻamaʻi o Johne mafuaʻaga siama MAP e puipuia ai le faʻamatuʻu atu o povi-povi mai le paratuberculosis.

Johne’s disease or Paratuberculosis in cattle can cause detrimental productive and economic losses to dairy and beef farms as well as impaired animal welfare in clinical and terminal stages of the disease. Control and eradication of the disease are difficult and lengthy considering the long incubation time of the disease, the infected animals shedding the MAP-bacterium (Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis) long before clinical signs occur and the absence of accurate diagnostics in the early stage of infection.

It is clear that prevention is better than cure. However, in the eradication of the disease it is important to stop direct transfer from the cow to the calf. One aspect of this strategy includes clearing the MAP bacterium from the colostrum of infected cows before feeding it to newborn calves. While colostrum can be pasteurized to kill off bacteria you also risk destructing the much needed maternal antibodies that offer the calves their immunological protection in the first weeks of life.

ILVO’s food pilot has developed a decontamination protocol consisting of different heat treatments and centrifugation steps to clear the colostrum from MAP whilst optimally preserving the antibody count. First the colostrum gets heated up to 53°C for 30 minutes followed by skimming. Next is another heating step up to 70°C for 30 minutes. Afterwards the colostrum is cleared by centrifugation and bottled in easy to use and sizable portions. This service allows dairy and beef farmers to have their farm-specific colostrum cleared from the MAP bacterium.

Le aʻafiaga ole maualalo ole vevela ile povi susu

The low temperature below the thermal neutrality zone influences the comfort, health and production of dairy cows. The thermal comfort in the dairy cow depends on age, breed, feed intake, production, housing conditions, body fat deposits, skin condition and animal behavior. The function of thermoregulation becomes functional after the disappearance of the blood fructose, respectively after 6 days in calves.

The effect of the low temperature on the metabolic and physiological adaptation for dairy cows is identified by: increased consumption of dry matter, increased frequency of rumination, increased motility of the gastrointestinal tract, increases basal metabolic rate and energy requirement for the maintenance of vital functions, consumption of body oxygen, increases heart rate, increases adrenaline, cortisol and growth hormones, lipolysis, glycogenogenesis, glycogenolysis, increases production of liver glycogen. At the level of the body, peripheral vasoconstriction occurs, the reduction of heat loss through sweating and the increase of thermogenesis.

In the Holstein-Frisien breed, milk production remains constant in the range -10 … 12°C, while in Jersey breed the production gradually decreases to below + 5°C (explained by the low body weight).

In order to alleviate cold stress, the following are recommended: measures to prevent the freezing of water and water storage tanks, increasing the amount of feed, especially high-energy feed, preventing the increase of humidity inside the shelter, keeping the udder dry by using dry bedding.

Tulaga sili ona lelei fale mo mamoe

Housing conditions, including ventilation rate, temperature, humidity, bedding and stocking density, are directly correlated with health, welfare and performance of dairy ruminants. Bedding materials contaminated with animals’ excreta (urine, dung, manure) have increased microbial growth, resulting in mastitis problems which increase somatic cell count in milk and umbilical cord infection in lambs.

Bedding conditions (moisture, temperature, pH), combined with limited ventilation rate also affect atmospheric ammonia concentration, which above a critical value (25 ppm) negatively affects animals health and welfare.

Gaseous ammonia is a severe irritant to the respiratory tract, capable of inhibiting the efficiency of the respiratory system at high levels. Slowed breathing, coughing, eye, mouth and nose irritation, poor weight gain, decreased resistance to diseases are some of the main symptoms of high ammonia concentration.

Production indices such as feed intake, feed conversion efficiency and productivity are all adversely affected in sheep and lambs by exposure to ammonia levels above 50 ppm.

Thus, an adequate ventilation rate in the animal house to renew the atmospheric air in it, keeping the moisture levels of bedding to minimum, more frequent replacement of bedding, and lower stocking densities are some of the main good practices to reduce the atmospheric ammonia level in animal houses. This helps to reduce the risk of infections and the use of antibiotics for their treatment.

Faʻamalologa o laina uʻamea

The umbilical cord serves as a conduit for the blood supply between the foetus and the placenta throughout pregnancy, providing the necessary nutrients for the development of the foetus during intrauterine life. The cord ruptures during the birth process, leaving an umbilical stump that becomes a potential route for pathogen entry into the newly born calf or lamb, increasing the risk of omphalitis and septicemia.

Umbilical infection also reduces total body weight gain during the first 3 months of life. Preventive measures for umbilical infection encompass maternity pen hygiene, decreased residency of the newborn in the maternity pen, adequate colostrum management, and antiseptic umbilical cord care.

Careful and consistent umbilical cord care substantially decreases calf/lamb mortality. Appropriate antimicrobial solutions applied to umbilical cord within 30 min of birth are protective against umbilical cord infections.

Iodine is the most commonly used antiseptic compound in the dairy industry. The antiseptic properties begin to decrease approximately in 15 min after dipping, but remain evident for several hours.

Umbilical cord care, as a good practice at farm level, is very effective to promote health and welfare to newborn lambs and calves, which are less likely to need antibiotics for any possible infections.

Puipuia le pipili i le lafu povi

Diseases of the hoof affect the welfare of the animal and require expensive treatments, with negative effects on milk production and reproductive activity. Studies conducted worldwide estimate that the prevalence of laminitis is between 20 and 30%. The dairy cow is expected to produce large amounts of milk, often leading to combined problems of the udder and hooves. The pressure on the cow’s body to produce milk determines a metabolic stress that decrease her immunity.

The main causes of diseases of the hoof in cows are: high stocking densities in the stable; poor quality of the floor on which the cow treads, frequent changes to grouping, excessive energy and protein from the feed ration, and genetics (the problems of the hooves are inherited through breeding).

Several measures can help to prevent hoof diseases in dairy cows, such as: maintaining good hygiene in the shelters, keeping the floors of the barn clean and dry; bathing the hoof of the cows before or after leaving the milking parlour and maintaining the same bath for a period of 2-3 days; periodic trimming, at least 2-3 times a year; feeding rations which are energy and protein balanced during the transition period; reducing the frequency of modifications to the feed rations; and ensuring feeds utilise good quality fats according to nutritional requirements.

In the dry period, the concentrated feed should be reduced, or even eliminated, from the ration, and after calving the inclusion of concentrates should gradually increase. The addition of Zinc to the ration has favourable effects on the skin and the hooves. Furthermore, animal breeding should be directed towards obtaining animals with strong bones, correct statutre and resistance to hoof diseases.

Le vaitaimi fesuiaiga o le povi susu

O le suiga o le vaitaimi e taua tele mo le povi susu ma faʻasino i le 3 vaiaso ae le i fānauina ma 3 vaiaso pe a maeʻa. I lenei vaitaimi o le povi avea vaivai e pei o le tino, metabolic ma nutritional suiga tupu. Lenei vaitau mafai ona le lelei faʻatosinaina le mulimuli lactation o le povi, ma aʻafiaga i le gaosiga ma toe gaosia gaioiga ma implicitly i tupe mama. O le auala o loʻo tausia ai lenei vaitau o loʻo atagia mai ile tele o faʻafitauli o le tina failele (fiva susu, faʻamavae ole abomasum, faʻatumauina ole placental).

I totonu o le tolu vaiaso talu ai o le maʻitaga, o le tino o le povi o loo i lalo o le mamafa mai le vave tuputupu ae o le fetus, ma mai le tuufaatasiga o susu vaega mo le mulimuli lactation. O le faʻatotoina o le inisalini Plasma e faʻaititia i le taimi o le suiga i le fetus ma le somatotropin faʻateleina vave i le va o le iʻuga o le maʻitaga ma le amataga o lactation.

I le amataga o lactation, o le povi faʻagaeʻeina le tino faʻasao (5-8% o le calving mamafa), o le manaʻoga e maualalo ma capricious (o le ingesta e maualalo e 45%), o le paleni paleni, aemaise lava le malosi paleni, e le lelei , o le lactation curve o loʻo alu i luga.

O metotia autu e lagolago ai le vaitaimi suiga: faʻavasegaina o povi (ante partum ma post partum) i vaega faʻapitoa (tina failele); fafagaina paleni meaʻai i le tulaga o ionic (DCAD); tausia lelei tumama o le moega malolo; faʻamautinoaina le maualuga lelei o meaʻai, e faʻaosofia ai le faʻatupuina o le gaosiga; urinary pH monitoring (PH lalo ifo o le 5.8 e tau atu ai i le faʻaititia o le fafagaina o mea taumafa ma le le paleni o le puipuiga, o le PH e sili atu i le 7.2 e mafua ai le faʻamamaina o le tina failele ma le taofia o le nofoaga).